What is the difference between M2 and M4 money supply?
M3 money supply: Known as 'broad money,' it constitutes M2 and money market funds like mutual funds, repurchase agreements, commercial papers, etc. M4 money supply: It comprises M3 and all other least liquid assets, usually outside commercial banks.
M4 and beyond
These measures expand the idea of money supply to include even more financial assets. For example, M4 might include longer-term deposits, foreign currency deposits, and certain types of bonds. These measures can vary from country to country and are often used for specialised analysis.
M1 and M2 are known as narrow money. M3 and M4 are known as broad money. These gradations are in decreasing order of liquidity. M1 is most liquid and easiest for transactions whereas M4 is least liquid of all. M3 is the most commonly used measure of money supply.
M1 money supply includes those monies that are very liquid such as cash, checkable (demand) deposits, and traveler's checks. M2 money supply is less liquid in nature and includes M1 plus savings and time deposits, certificates of deposits, and money market funds.
M2 represents currency outside banks plus bank personal deposits, banks non personal demand and notice deposits, less interbank deposits plus continuity adjustments. M2+ represents M2 plus deposits at trust and mortgage loan companies and at government saving institutions, deposits and shares at credit unions, etc.
M2 is a measure of the money supply that includes cash, checking deposits, and other deposits readily convertible to cash, such as CDs. M1 is an estimate of cash, checking, and savings account deposits only. The weekly M2 and M1 numbers are closely monitored as indicators of the overall money supply.
US M2 Money Supply is at a current level of 20.78T, down from 20.79T last month and down from 21.13T one year ago. This is a change of -0.03% from last month and -1.66% from one year ago.
Liquidity of these Measures of Money Supply
The liquidity means how fast an instrument can be converted into cash. The liquidity of these measures are in order M1>M2>M3>M4 i.e. M1 is most liquid and M4 is least liquid.
It is M2 – time deposits + money market funds. M3: M2 + all other CDs (large time deposits, institutional money market mutual fund balances), deposits of eurodollars and repurchase agreements. M4-: M3 + Commercial Paper. M4: M4- + T-Bills (or M3 + Commercial Paper + T-Bills)
M2 is a measure of the U.S. money stock that includes M1 (currency and coins held by the non-bank public, checkable deposits, and travelers' checks) plus savings deposits (including money market deposit accounts), small time deposits under $100,000, and shares in retail money market mutual funds.
Are credit cards M1 or M2?
A credit card is not a part of the M1 or M2 money supply, and as a matter of fact, is not part of the money supply at all. This is because money supply is the aggregate value of monetary assets, and does not include liabilities. Credit card balance represents a liability, not an asset.
Because Bitcoin can be used to purchase goods and services immediately, it would be included in M1 and would cause M1 to rise. Also, as discussed above, everything in M1 is included in M2, so if M1 rises, so will M2.
This has had its intended effect — slowing spending and lowering inflation quickly — but this also means there is less money available overall. In addition, the Fed has started removing liquidity from the economy through Quantitative Tightening (QT), further reducing the M2 money supply.
M2 includes assets that are highly liquid but are not cash. M2 is a calculation of the money supply that includes all elements of M1 as well as "near money." M1 includes cash and checking deposits, while near money refers to savings deposits, money market securities, mutual funds and other time deposits.
The M1 money supply includes all physical currency, traveler's checks, demand deposits, and other checkable deposits (e.g. checking accounts).
M2 is mostly used as a classification for money supply in the eurozone and America; in the UK, the official designations are limited to M0 and M4.
The Federal Reserve affects the money supply by affecting its most important component, bank deposits. Here is how it works. The Federal Reserve requires depository institutions (commercial banks and other financial institutions) to hold as reserves a fraction of specified deposit liabilities.
“Recent inflation behavior has been consistent with a lagged effect of M2 on personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation,” Neely wrote. For instance, he cited the rise of PCE inflation beginning in February 2021, which coincided with the peak M2 growth rate of 26.9% and was a year after M2 growth began to soar.
As you might have guessed, performance is the main difference between the M1 and M2 chips. For example, the M2 CPU is 18% faster than the M1, the GPU is 35% faster, and the neural engine is 40% faster. There are other improvements as well.
This option is correct because the common stock is neither included in M1 nor M2. M1 is known as narrow money or transaction money that includes coins and currency whereas M2 is known as broad money that includes money market mutual funds.
Is the M4 faster than M2?
Depends what you mean by "performance levels". In fact, as has been documented in clips/reviews on the internet, on tighter courses, the M2 is as fast, or faster, than the M4 when both are driven by experienced racers, and much easier for the average enthusiast to drive quickly.
M4 is the widest measure of money supply that the RBI uses. It includes all the aspects of M3 and also includes the savings of the post office banks of the country. It is the least liquid measure of all of them. M4 = M3 + Post office savings.
Narrow money is also known as M1 and M2. Broad money means M3 and M4. The liquidity of these grades is decreasing. M1 is the most liquid and makes transactions the easiest, while M4 is the least liquid.
Just as Congress and the president control fiscal policy, the Federal Reserve System dominates monetary policy, the control of the supply and cost of money.
Money Supply Measure “M1” M1 consists of the most highly liquid assets. That is, M1 includes all forms of assets that are easily exchangeable as payment for goods and services. It consists of coin and currency in circulation, traveler's checks, demand deposits, and other checkable deposits.
